PS.PS1.1 Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms.

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PS.PS1.2 Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties, and formation of compounds.

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PS.PS1.5 Apply scientific principles and evidence to provide an explanation about the effects of changing the temperature or concentration of the reacting particles on the rate at which a reaction occurs.

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PS.PS1.7 Use mathematical representations to support the claim that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved during a chemical reaction.

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PS.PS2.1 Analyze and interpret data to support the claim of a causal relationship between the net force on an object and its change in motion, as described in Newton’s second law of motion

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PS.PS2.2 Use mathematical representations to support the explanation that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system

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PS.PS2.3 Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision.*

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PS.PS2.5 Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can cause a magnetic field and that a changing magnetic field can cause an electric current.

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PS.PS3.1 Create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known.

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PS.PS3.2 Develop and use models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be accounted for as either motions of particles or energy stored in fields

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PS.PS3.3 Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy.*

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PS.PS3.4 Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics).

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PS.PS4.1 Use mathematical representations to explain both qualitative and quantitative relationships among frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling in various media.

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PS.PS4.2 Evaluate questions about the advantages and disadvantages of using a digital transmission and storage of information.*

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PS.PS4.4 Evaluate the validity and reliability of claims in published materials of the effects that different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation have when absorbed by matter.